[Đáp án IELTS Reading] The impact of the potato (Giải thích chi tiết)

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The Impact of the Potato

Jeff Chapman relates the story of history the most important vegetable

A. The potato was first cultivated in South America between three and seven thousand years ago, though scientists believe they may have grown wild in the region as long as 13,000 years ago. The genetic patterns of potato distribution indicate that the potato probably originated in the mountainous west-central region of the continent.

B. Early Spanish chroniclers who misused the Indian word batata (sweet potato) as the name for the potato noted the importance of the tuber to the Incan Empire. The Incas had learned to preserve the potato for storage by dehydrating and mashing potatoes into a substance called Chuchu could be stored in a room for up to 10 years, providing excellent insurance against possible crop failures. As well as using the food as a staple crop, the Incas thought potatoes made childbirth easier and used it to treat injuries.

C. The Spanish conquistadors first encountered the potato when they arrived in Peru in 1532 in search of gold, and noted Inca miners eating chuchu. At the time the Spaniards failed to realize that the potato represented a far more important treasure than either silver or gold, but they did gradually begin to use potatoes as basic rations aboard their ships. After the arrival of the potato in Spain in 1570，a few Spanish farmers began to cultivate them on a small scale, mostly as food for livestock.

D. Throughout Europe, potatoes were regarded with suspicion, distaste and fear. Generally considered to be unfit for human consumption, they were used only as animal fodder and sustenance for the starving. In northern Europe, potatoes were primarily grown in botanical gardens as an exotic novelty. Even peasants refused to eat from a plant that produced ugly, misshapen tubers and that had come from a heathen civilization. Some felt that the potato plant’s resemblance to plants in the nightshade family hinted that it was the creation of witches or devils.

E. In meat-loving England, farmers and urban workers regarded potatoes with extreme distaste. In 1662, the Royal Society recommended the cultivation of the tuber to the English government and the nation, but this recommendation had little impact. Potatoes did not become a staple until, during the food shortages associated with the Revolutionary Wars, the English government began to officially encourage potato cultivation. In 1795, the Board of Agriculture issued a pamphlet entitled “Hints Respecting the Culture and Use of Potatoes”； this was followed shortly by pro-potato editorials and potato recipes in The Times. Gradually, the lower classes began to follow the lead of the upper classes.

F. A similar pattern emerged across the English Channel in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. While the potato slowly gained ground in eastern France (where it was often the only crop remaining after marauding soldiers plundered wheat fields and vineyards), it did not achieve widespread acceptance until the late 1700s. The peasants remained suspicious, in spite of a 1771 paper from the Facult de Paris testifying that the potato was not harmful but beneficial. The people began to overcome their distaste when the plant received the royal seal of approval: Louis XVI began to sport a potato flower in his buttonhole, and Marie-Antoinette wore the purple potato blossom in her hair.

G. Frederick the Great of Prussia saw the potato’s potential to help feed his nation and lower the price of bread, but faced the challenge of overcoming the people’s prejudice against the plant. When he issued a 1774 order for his subjects to grow potatoes as protection against famine, the town of Kolberg replied: “The things have neither smell nor taste, not even the dogs will eat them, so what use are they to us?” Trying a less direct approach to encourage his subjects to begin planting potatoes, Frederick used a bit of reverse psychology: he planted a royal field of potato plants and stationed a heavy guard to protect this field from thieves. Nearby peasants naturally assumed that anything worth guarding was worth stealing, and so snuck into the field and snatched the plants for their home gardens. Of course, this was entirely in line with Frederick’s wishes.

H. Historians debate whether the potato was primarily a cause or an effect of the huge population boom in industrial-era England and Wales. Prior to 1800，the English diet had consisted primarily of meat, supplemented by bread, butter and cheese. Few vegetables were consumed, most vegetables being regarded as nutritionally worthless and potentially harmful. This view began to change gradually in the late 1700s. The Industrial Revolution was drawing an ever increasing percentage of the populace into crowded cities, where only the richest could afford homes with ovens or coal storage rooms, and people were working 12-16 hour days which left them with little time or energy to prepare food. High yielding, easily prepared potato crops were the obvious solution to England’s food problems.

I. Whereas most of their neighbors regarded the potato with suspicion and had to be persuaded to use it by the upper classes, the Irish peasantry embraced the tuber more passionately than anyone since the Incas. The potato was well suited to the Irish the soil and climate, and its high yield suited the most important concern of most Irish farmers: to feed their families.

J. The most dramatic example of the potato’s potential to alter population patterns occurred in Ireland, where the potato had become a staple by 1800. The Irish population doubled to eight million between 1780 and 1841，this without any significant expansion of industry or reform of agricultural techniques beyond the widespread cultivation of the potato. Though Irish landholding practices were primitive in comparison with those of England, the potato’s high yields allowed even the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food than they needed with scarcely any investment or hard labor. Even children could easily plant, harvest and cook potatoes, which of course required no threshing, curing or grinding. The abundance provided by potatoes greatly decreased infant mortality and encouraged early marriage.

Kiến thức cần nắm:

• Các dạng bài Reading IELTS và cách làm hiệu quả

Câu hỏi

Questions 1 – 5 (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1? Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. The early Spanish called potato as the Incan name ‘Chuchu’

2. The purposes of Spanish coming to Peru were to find out potatoes

3. The Spanish believed that the potato has the same nutrients as other vegetables

4. Peasants at that time did not like to eat potatoes because they were ugly

5. The popularity of potatoes in the UK was due to food shortages during the war

Kiến thức cần nắm:

• Hướng dẫn cách làm dạng bài true, false, not given trong IELTS Reading

Questions 6 – 13 (Sentence Completion)

Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

6. In France, people started to overcome their disgusting about potatoes because the King put a potato ________ in his button hole.

7. Frederick realized the potential of potato but he had to handle the ________ against potatoes from ordinary people.

8. The King of Prussia adopted some ________ psychology to make people accept potatoes.

9. Before 1800，the English people preferred eating ________ with bread, butter and cheese.

10. The obvious way to deal with England food problems were high yielding potato ________.

11. The Irish ________ and climate suited potatoes well.

12. Between 1780 and 1841, based on the ________ of the potatoes, the Irish population doubled to eight million.

13. The potato’s high yields help the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food almost without ________.

Kiến thức cần nắm:

• Hướng dẫn cách làm SENTENCE COMPLETION trong IELTS Reading

Đáp án kèm phân tích

Questions 1–5: TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN

1. FALSE

• Vị trí: Đoạn B và C.
• Giải thích: Những người chép sử Tây Ban Nha thời kỳ đầu đã sử dụng sai từ của người bản địa là batata (khoai lang) để gọi khoai tây. Tên gọi Chuchu là tên người Inca dùng cho khoai tây đã được khử nước và nghiền nát, không phải tên mà người Tây Ban Nha dùng để gọi củ khoai tây nói chung.

2. FALSE

• Vị trí: Đoạn C.
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ các nhà thám hiểm Tây Ban Nha đến Peru vào năm 1532 là để “tìm kiếm vàng” (in search of gold), không phải để tìm khoai tây. Họ tình cờ bắt gặp khoai tây khi thấy những thợ mỏ người Inca ăn chuchu.

3. NOT GIVEN

• Vị trí: Đoạn C.
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nói rằng ban đầu người Tây Ban Nha không nhận ra khoai tây là một báu vật quan trọng và chỉ dần dùng chúng làm khẩu phần ăn trên tàu. Không có thông tin nào đề cập đến việc họ tin khoai tây có chất dinh dưỡng giống các loại rau khác hay không.

4. TRUE

• Vị trí: Đoạn D.
• Giải thích: Ngay cả nông dân cũng từ chối ăn loại cây này vì nó tạo ra những “củ xấu xí, dị dạng” (ugly, misshapen tubers).

5. TRUE

• Vị trí: Đoạn E.
• Giải thích: Khoai tây không trở thành lương thực chính ở Anh cho đến khi xảy ra tình trạng “thiếu lương thực” (food shortages) liên quan đến các cuộc “Chiến tranh Cách mạng” (Revolutionary Wars). Chính phủ Anh lúc đó mới bắt đầu khuyến khích trồng trọt chính thức.

Questions 6–13: Sentence Completion

6. flower

• Vị trí: Đoạn F.
• Trích dẫn: “…Louis XVI began to sport a potato flower in his buttonhole…”.
• Giải thích: Người dân Pháp vượt qua sự ghét bỏ khoai tây khi vua Louis XVI cài một bông hoa khoai tây lên lỗ khuy áo.

7. prejudice

• Vị trí: Đoạn G.
• Trích dẫn: “…but faced the challenge of overcoming the people’s prejudice against the plant.”.
• Giải thích: Frederick Đại đế của Phổ thấy được tiềm năng của khoai tây nhưng phải đối mặt với “định kiến” (prejudice) của người dân thường đối với loại cây này.

8. reverse

• Vị trí: Đoạn G.
• Trích dẫn: “…Frederick used a bit of reverse psychology…”.
• Giải thích: Ông đã sử dụng một chút “tâm lý ngược” (reverse psychology) bằng cách cho lính canh gác cánh đồng khoai tây của hoàng gia để người dân tưởng đó là đồ quý và lẻn vào lấy trộm về trồng.

9. meat

• Vị trí: Đoạn H.
• Trích dẫn: “Prior to 1800, the English diet had consisted primarily of meat, supplemented by bread, butter and cheese.”.
• Giải thích: Trước năm 1800, chế độ ăn của người Anh chủ yếu bao gồm “thịt” cùng với bánh mì, bơ và phô mai.

10. crops

• Vị trí: Đoạn H.
• Trích dẫn: “High yielding, easily prepared potato crops were the obvious solution to England’s food problems.”.
• Giải thích: Những vụ mùa khoai tây năng suất cao là giải pháp rõ ràng cho các vấn đề lương thực của nước Anh.

11. soil

• Vị trí: Đoạn I.
• Trích dẫn: “The potato was well suited to the Irish the soil and climate…”.
• Giải thích: Khoai tây rất phù hợp với “đất” và khí hậu của Ireland.

12. cultivation

• Vị trí: Đoạn J.
• Trích dẫn: “…this without any significant expansion of industry or reform of agricultural techniques beyond the widespread cultivation of the potato.”.
• Giải thích: Dân số Ireland tăng gấp đôi nhờ vào việc “canh tác” (cultivation) khoai tây rộng rãi.

13. investment

• Vị trí: Đoạn J.
• Trích dẫn: “…allowed even the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food than they needed with scarcely any investment or hard labor.”.
• Giải thích: Năng suất cao của khoai tây giúp những người nông dân nghèo nhất sản xuất đủ thực phẩm lành mạnh mà hầu như không cần “đầu tư” (investment) hay lao động cực nhọc.

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