[Đáp án IELTS Reading] Sleep Study on Modern-Day Hunter-Gatherer Dispels Popular Notions

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Sleep Study on Modern-Day Hunter-Gatherer Dispels Popular Notions

Modern life’s sleep troubles – the chronic bleary-eyed state that many of us live in -have long been blamed on our industrial society. The city lights, long work hours, commutes, caffeine, the Internet. When talking about the miserable state of our ability to get enough rest, sleep researchers have had a tendency to hark back to a simpler time when humans were able to fully recharge by sleeping and waking to the rhythms of the sun. It turns out that may not be quite right. In fact, it now appears that our ancestors may not have been getting the doctor-recommended eight hours of sleep, either.

In an intriguing study published in Current Biology this week, researchers traveled to remote corners of the planet to scrutinize the sleep patterns of some of the world’s last remaining hunter-gatherers – the Hadza of Tanzania, the San of Namibia, and the Tsimane of Bolivia. Cut off from electricity, media and other distractions, these pre-industrial societies are thought to experience the same sort of natural sleep ancient humans enjoyed more than 10,000 years ago.

Located in a woodland-savannah habitat 2 degrees south of the equator, the Hadza gather their wild foods each day. The San are not migratory but interact very little with surrounding villages and live as hunter-gatherers. The Tsimane, who live close to the Maniqui River and thereby have to live with humid climate, are hunter-horticulturalist. Using Actiwatch-2 devices, a medical-grade Fitbit hand-watch for sleep, researchers recorded the sleeping habits of 94 of these tribespeople and ended up collecting data representing 1,165 days.

What they found was a striking uniformity in their sleep patterns despite their geographic isolation. On average, all three groups sleep a little less than 6.5 hours a night, do not take naps and do not go to sleep when it gets dark. Like many of us, the Hadza, San and Tsimane spent more time in bed – from 6.9 to 8.5 hours – than they do actually sleeping. That computes to a sleep efficiency of between 81 to 86 percent – which is very similar to today’s industrial populations. Jerome Siegel, director of the University of California at Los Angeles’s Center for Sleep Research, and his colleagues explained that this suggests that sleep may not be environmental or cultural, but “central to the physiology of humans” living in the tropical latitudes where our species evolved.

“The short sleep in these populations challenges the belief that sleep has been greatly reduced in the ‘modern world’,” Siegel said. “This has important implications for the idea that we need to take sleeping pills because sleep has been reduced from its ‘natural level’ by the widespread use of electricity, TV, the Internet, and so on.”

The findings call into question the untold millions that have been spent on research that tries to get to the bottom of why “short” sleepers get only about six hours of sleep a night and the idea that lack of sleep may be a big reason that obesity, mood disorders and other physical and mental ailments have surged in recent decades.
Scientists have long documented that people have a tendency to “crash” in energy in the midafternoon, and some have speculated that it is because we have managed to suppress some innate need for a siesta. The new study provides evidence this is unlikely. The data from the San in Namibia, for instance, shows no afternoon naps during 210 days of recording in the winter and 10 naps in 364 days in the summer. The findings were similar for the other two tribes, suggesting that napping is not really a common thing among hunter-gatherers, either. At the high end, the researchers estimated that naps may have occurred on up to 7 percent of winter days and 22 percent of summer days. The researchers noted that the devices they were using were not great at picking up naps of short durations, so it is possible that some of the study subjects were taking short power naps of less than 15 minutes.

Another fascinating finding from the study had to do with the circadian rhythms related to sunlight. Instead of going to sleep right at dusk, the hunter-gatherers were sleeping an average of 2.5 and 4.4 hours after sunset – well after darkness had fallen. All three tribes had small fires going, but the light itself was much lower than you might get from your average 60-watt bulb. They did, however, have a tendency to wake up around sunrise an hour before or after, depending on the season and the group. Siegel and his co-authors investigated this further by looking into the significance of ambient temperature and found that it may play a big role. The research showed that “sleep initiation occurred during the period of
decreasing ambient temperature and that wake onset occurred near the nadir of
the daily temperature rhythm”, they wrote.

It should be noted that the tribespeople studied are different from your average American in a number of respects. Importantly, very few of the hunter-gatherers suffer from chronic insomnia. There is not even a word for it in their languages. In interviews with the researchers conducted through interpreters, 1.5 to 2.5 percent of the study subjects said they had sleep onset or sleep maintenance problems more than once a year, which is far lower than the 10 to 30 percent documented in many countries today. Siegel suggested that this may mean that “mimicking aspects of the natural environment” may be effective in treating some sleep disorders.

The hunter-gatherers are also much healthier. Not a single one is obese, and the mean BMIs among the tribes were between 18.3 and 26.2, which is considered quite slim. They also tend to have lower blood pressure, better heart conditions and higher levels of physical fitness. Thus comes a critical question. If we cannot blame the lack of sleep as causing our obesity, mood disorders and the like, could it be that the reason we feel so unrested is because of poor health?

Câu hỏi

Questions 1 – 6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Those who lived before industrial era are considered to have similarities in sleep patterns with human beings of 10,000 years ago.
2. Apparatus researchers used was suitable for wet conditions.
3. The Hazda spent more time on bed than us.
4. Jerome Siegel opined that environment and culture have little effect on human’s sleep.
5. Hunter-gatherers use a word meaning “sleeplessness”.
6. Tribal subjects in the survey are highly respectful.

Questions 7 – 13

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

7. Taking a nap might not be a common occurrence on cold days, but in ___________ time.
8. Devices may be incapable of covering ___________ naps.
9. Despite the presence of ___________, it was not so bright at night.
10. Ancient human beings tended to be awake near to ___________.
11. This early habit was mainly connected with ___________ according to conclusions made by investigators.
12. Unlike Americans, these people were almost not prone to ___________.
13. Any hunter-gatherers are not ___________.

Đáp án kèm phân tích

Questions 1 – 6: TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

1. TRUE

• Giải thích: Văn bản cho biết các xã hội tiền công nghiệp này được cho là trải nghiệm kiểu ngủ tự nhiên giống như con người cổ đại hơn 10.000 năm trước.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2 – “these pre-industrial societies are thought to experience the same sort of natural sleep ancient humans enjoyed more than 10,000 years ago.”

2. NOT GIVEN

• Giải thích: Bài đọc có nhắc đến thiết bị Actiwatch-2 và môi trường ẩm ướt của bộ lạc Tsimane, nhưng không khẳng định liệu thiết bị này có “phù hợp cho điều kiện ẩm ướt” hay không.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3 – Nhắc đến thiết bị và khí hậu nhưng không có thông tin về tính phù hợp của thiết bị.

3. FALSE

• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định thời gian ở trên giường của các bộ lạc này (từ 6,9 đến 8,5 giờ) là “rất giống với các quần thể công nghiệp ngày nay” (tức là chúng ta), chứ không phải họ dành nhiều thời gian hơn.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 4 – “That computes to a sleep efficiency… which is very similar to today’s industrial populations.”

4. TRUE

• Giải thích: Jerome Siegel cho rằng giấc ngủ có thể không phụ thuộc vào môi trường hay văn hóa mà thuộc về sinh lý học trung tâm của con người.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 4 – “Siegel… explained that this suggests that sleep may not be environmental or cultural, but ‘central to the physiology of humans’…”

5. FALSE

• Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ các bộ lạc này gần như không bị mất ngủ kinh niên và ngôn ngữ của họ thậm chí không có từ để chỉ tình trạng đó.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 9 – “There is not even a word for it [insomnia] in their languages.”

6. NOT GIVEN

• Giải thích: Văn bản đề cập đến sức khỏe và thói quen của họ, nhưng không đưa ra nhận xét về phẩm chất đạo đức như việc họ có “rất tôn trọng” (respectful) hay không.
• Vị trí: (Không có thông tin).

Questions 7 – 13: Short Answer (ONE WORD ONLY)

7. summer

• Giải thích: Dữ liệu cho thấy không có giấc ngủ trưa nào vào mùa đông (ngày lạnh), nhưng có 10 lần ngủ trưa được ghi nhận vào mùa hè.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 7 – “…shows no afternoon naps during 210 days… in the winter and 10 naps in 364 days in the summer.”

8. short

• Giải thích: Các nhà nghiên cứu lưu ý rằng thiết bị họ sử dụng không tốt trong việc ghi lại những giấc ngủ ngắn dưới 15 phút.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 7 – “…the devices they were using were not great at picking up naps of short durations…”

9. fires

• Giải thích: Dù có các đống lửa nhỏ, ánh sáng của chúng vẫn thấp hơn nhiều so với bóng đèn 60 watt thông thường.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 8 – “All three tribes had small fires going, but the light itself was much lower…”

10. sunrise

• Giải thích: Cả ba bộ lạc đều có xu hướng thức dậy vào khoảng thời gian mặt trời mọc.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 8 – “They did, however, have a tendency to wake up around sunrise…”

11. temperature

• Giải thích: Siegel và các cộng sự kết luận rằng nhiệt độ môi trường đóng vai trò lớn trong việc bắt đầu giấc ngủ và thức dậy.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 8 – “…found that it [ambient temperature] may play a big role.”

12. insomnia

• Giải thích: Rất ít người săn bắn – hái lượm bị mất ngủ kinh niên, trái ngược với tỷ lệ 10-30% ở các nước công nghiệp (như Mỹ).
• Vị trí: Đoạn 9 – “…very few of the hunter-gatherers suffer from chronic insomnia.”

13. obese

• Giải thích: Không một cá nhân nào trong số những người được nghiên cứu bị béo phì; họ đều có chỉ số BMI khá gầy.
• Vị trí: Đoạn 10 – “Not a single one is obese…”

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